1. “America’s Top States for Business 2019,” CNBC, updated January 27, 2020.
2. “Best States for Business,” Forbes, 2019, https://www.forbes.com/best-states-for-business/list/.
3. “Percent Change in Number of Small Businesses Open,” Opportunity Insights Economic Tracker, June 2, 2021, https://www.tracktherecovery.org/.
4. Sarah Bohn et al., “Income Inequality and Opportunity in California: Technical Appendices,” Public Policy Institute of California, December 2020, p. 15, Appendix B.
5. Mark Baldassare et al., “PPIC Statewide Survey: Californians and Their Economic Well-Being,” Public Policy Institute of California, December 2020.
6. Sarah Bohn et al., “Income Inequality and Opportunity in California,” Public Policy Institute of California, December 2020, p. 15, Figure 7.
7. “Selected Characteristics of People at Specified Levels of Poverty in the Past 12 Months,” U.S. Census Bureau, 2019, https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=S17&d=ACS%201-Year%20Estimates%20Subject%20Tables&tid=ACSST1Y2019.S1703.
8. “Professional Licensure Guide,” California Business Portal, https://businessportal.ca.gov/registration-permits/professional-licensure-guide/.
9. Matthew D. Mitchell, “California Occupational Licensing: Barriers to Opportunity in the Golden State,” Mercatus Center testimony, August 13, 2019.
10. Dick M. Carpenter II et al., License to Work: A National Study of Burdens from Occupational Licensing, 2nd ed. (Arlington, VA: Institute for Justice, 2020), p. 21, Table 4.
11. Carpenter II et al., License to Work.
12. Thomas J. Snyder, The Effects of Arkansas Occupational Licensure Regulation on the Poor (Conway: Arkansas Center for Research in Economics, 2014).
13. Baylen Linnekin, “The California Law That’s Supposed to Help Home-Based Cooks Isn’t Working,” Reason, September 12, 2020.
14. See, for example, Mahyar Kargar and William Mann, “The Incidence of Student Loan Subsidies: Evidence from the PLUS Program,” August 4, 2021; Jenna A. Robinson, “The Bennett Hypothesis Turns 30,” James G. Martin Center for Academic Renewal, December 2017; Stephanie Riegg Cellini and Claudia Goldin, “Does Federal Student Aid Raise Tuition? New Evidence on For-Profit Colleges,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper no. 17827, revised April 2013; and Maria Polyakova and Stephen P. Ryan, “Subsidy Targeting with Market Power,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper no. 26367, revised August 2021. For an alternative view, see, Robert Kelchen, “Does the Bennett Hypothesis Hold in Professional Education? An Empirical Analysis,” Research in Higher Education 61, no. 3 (May 2020): 357–82.
15. “Early Education and Child Care Regulation Quick Reference Guide,” Community Care Licensing Workgroup, California Head Start State Collaboration Office, revised 2016.
16. V. Joseph Hotz and Mo Xiao, “The Impact of Regulations on the Supply and Quality of Care in Child Care Markets,” American Economic Review 101, no. 5 (August 2011): 1775–805.
17. Diana W. Thomas and Devon Gorry, “Regulation and the Cost of Child Care,” Mercatus Center working paper, August 17, 2015; and Randal Heeb and M. Rebecca Kilburn, “The Effects of State Regulations on Childcare Prices and Choices,” RAND Corporation working paper, January 2004.
18. Hotz and Xiao, “Impact of Regulations.”
19. Ryan Bourne, “The Regressive Effects of Child-Care Regulation,” Regulation 41, no. 3 (Fall 2018): 8–11.
20. Keyonna Summers, “Study: Black Entrepreneurship in the United States,” University of Nevada, Las Vegas, July 24, 2020.
21. Dennis Kaiser, “California Ranks Tops for Entrepreneurs, Startups,” Connect California, March 22, 2018.
22. Chris Edwards, “Entrepreneurs and Regulations: Removing State and Local Barriers to New Businesses,” Cato Institute Policy Analysis no. 916, May 5, 2021.
23. “New Report: SBE Council Ranks 50 States According to Public Policy and Tax Climates for Small Business,” Small Business and Entrepreneurship Council, May 6, 2019.
24. Carolyn Said, “Want to Open a Restaurant or Store in S.F.? The City May Waive Your Fees,” San Francisco Chronicle, updated June 22, 2021.
25. Nellie Akalp, “California Has America’s Worst Business Climate—Or Does It?,” CorpNet, June 19, 2012.
26. Jeong Park and Hannah Wiley, “California’s Gig Worker Initiative Blew a Giant Hole in Its Landmark Labor Law. What’s Left?,” Sacramento Bee, November 12, 2020.
27. “Cannabis Tax Revenues,” California Department of Tax and Fee Administrations, 2021, https://www.cdtfa.ca.gov/dataportal/charts.htm?url=CannabisTaxRevenues.
28. “Bureau of Cannabis Control Text of Regulations, California Code of Regulations: Title 16 Division 42,” Bureau of Cannabis Control Order of Adoption, 2019, pp. 17–20.
29. “Commitment to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion,” National Restaurant Association, https://restaurant.org/about/our-industry/commitment-to-diversity-equity-and-inclusion.
30. “How Much Does a Liquor License Cost in California?,” License Locators, 2016, https://licenselocators.com/how-much-does-a-liquor-license-cost/.
31. Benjamin A. Tulis and Sehreen Ladak, “The Spread of Hero Pay Continues,” National Law Review, March 1, 2021.
32. Bethany Blankley, “Criticism, Lawsuits Continue against California Cities Requiring ‘Hero Pay,’” Center Square, April 20, 2021.
33. Qiuping Yu, Shawn Mankad, and Masha Shunko, “Research: When a Higher Minimum Wage Leads to Lower Compensation,” Harvard Business Review, June 10, 2021.
34. Russell D. Kashian, Ran Tao, and Claudia Perez-Valdez, “Banking the Unbanked: Bank Deserts in the United States,” University of Wisconsin, Whitewater, 2015.
35. Neighborhood Data for Social Change, “Bank Data: Nearly One in Five L.A. County Neighborhoods Lack Bank or Credit Union,” KCET, November 27, 2017.
36. Shirley Svorny, “Is the Proposed Municipal Bank of Los Angeles a Good Idea?,” Los Angeles Daily News, May 17, 2021.
37. Jesse Hamilton, “FDIC Eases Path for Amazon and Facebook to Become Lenders,” Bloomberg, December 15, 2020.
38. Ryan Guina, “IRS Issuing Stimulus Checks via Prepaid Debit Cards—Yours Could Arrive This Week,” Forbes, May 18, 2020.
39. Dan Berthiaume, “Walmart Goes Live with In-Store Western Union Money Transfers,” Chain Store Age, May 20, 2021.