1The bottom two income quintiles saw their net wealth rise faster than other groups during the 2016 to 2019 period. See Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, “Changes in U.S. Family Finances from 2016 to 2019: Evidence from the Survey of Consumer Finances,” September 2020, Table 2. Regarding wage growth, see www.atlantafed.org/chcs/wage-growth-tracker.
2 Wbur.org, “What Breaking Up Big Tech Might Look Like,” October 21, 2019.
3 Dominic Rushe and Daniel Strauss, “Josh Hawley rails at big tech firms but records show he has invested in them,” The Guardian, April 29, 2021. These are quotes from the senator’s book.
4 Ryan Bourne, “Does Rising Industry Concentration Signify Monopoly Power?” Economic Policy Brief no. 2, Cato Institute, February 13, 2020.
5Sharat Ganapati, “Growing Oligopolies, Prices, Output, and Productivity,” Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau, November 2018.
6 History.com, “Automobile History,” August 21, 2018, www.history.com/topics/inventions/automobiles.
7 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages: Employment and Wages, Annual Averages 2019,”, Table 4, www.bls.gov/cew/publications/employment-and-wages-annual-averages/2019/….
8 Mary Amiti and Sebastian Heise, “U.S. Market Concentration and Import Competition,” Staff Report no. 968, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, May 2021. And see Scott Lincicome, “Senator Hawley Hates Monopolies and Loves Freedom (Except When He Doesn’t),” Cato Institute, April 14, 2021.
9 www.businessofapps.com/data/spotify-statistics.
10 Michael Timmermann, “Aldi vs. Kroger vs. Walmart: Which Grocery Store Has the Lowest Prices?” Clark.com, February 18, 2019.
11 PWC, “2018 Global Innovation 1000: What the Top Innovators Get Right,” October 2018, p. 32.
12 Boston Consulting Group, “Most Innovative Companies 2021: Overcoming the Innovation Readiness Gap,” April 2021, Exhibit 3.
13 National Science Foundation, “Business Research and Development: 2018,” December 16, 2020, Table 2. This is based on domestic R&D paid for by the company.
14 William D. Nordhaus, “Schumpeterian Profits in the American Economy: Theory and Measurement,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper no. 10433, April 2004.
15 Mark J. Perry, “Comparing 1955’s Fortune 500 to 2019’s Fortune 500,” FEE.org, May 24, 2019.
16 S. Patrick Viguerie, Ned Calder, and Brian Hindo, “2021 Corporate Longevity Forecast,” Innosight, May 2021, Chart 1.
17 Clayton M. Christensen, The Innovators Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 1997).
18 Gregory Zuckerman and Jared S. Hopkins, “Why Merck Is Playing Catch-Up in the Coronavirus Vaccine Chase,” Wall Street Journal, October 23, 2000.
19 Gregory Zuckerman and Jared S. Hopkins, “Why Merck Is Playing Catch-Up in the Coronavirus Vaccine Chase,” Wall Street Journal, October 23, 2000.
20 Tomas Nonnenmacher, “History of the U.S. Telegraph Industry,” EH.net, August 14, 2001.
21 Larry Schweikart, The Entrepreneurial Adventure: A History of Business in the United States (New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 2000), p. 320.
22Daniel Michaels, “Fusion Startups Step in to Realize Decades-Old Clean Power Dream,” Wall Street Journal, February 6, 2020.
23 CNBC.com, “Disruptor 50,” www.cnbc.com/cnbc-disruptors.
24 Julia Kagan, “Financial Technology – Fintech,” Investopedia, June 25, 2019.
25 https://robinhood.com/us/en/support/articles/our-story.
26 Telis Demos, “The IPO Club Might Finally Have You as a Member. Still Want In?” Wall Street Journal, June 4, 2021.
27 Nathan Rosenberg and L.E. Birdzell, Jr. How the West Grew Rich (New York: Basic Books, 1986), p. 27.
28 IPO data available at Jay Ritter’s website, https://site.warrington.ufl.edu/ritter/ipo-data.
29 Jeffrey Sohl, “The Angel Market in 2020: Return of the Seed and Start-Up Stage Market for Angels,” Center for Venture Research, May 19, 2021. And see National Venture Capital Association and Pitchbook, “Venture Monitor,” Q1 2021.
30 However, there was a jump in IPOs in 2020. IPO data available at Jay Ritter’s website, https://site.warrington.ufl.edu/ritter/ipo-data.
31 Companies with revenues of less than $1.1 billion annually are subject to fewer disclosures and reporting requirements for the five years after an IPO.
32 Michael J. Mauboussin and Dan Callahan, “Public to Private Equity in the United States: A Long-Term Look,” Morgan Stanley, August 4, 2020, Exhibit 37.
33 Daniel Bunn and Elke Asen, “Savings and Investment: The Tax Treatment of Stock and Retirement Accounts in the OECD,” Tax Foundation, May 26, 2021. And see Elke Asen, “Capital Gains Tax Rates in Europe,” Tax Foundation, April 22, 2021.
34 Garrett Watson and Erica York, “Top Combined Capital Gains Tax Rates Would Average 48 Percent Under Biden’s Tax Plan,” Tax Foundation, April 23, 2021.
35 Senator Wyden wants to tax gains on an accrual or mark-to-market basis. Yian Mui, “A top Senate Democrat unveils plan to revamp the capital gains tax, fund Social Security,” CNBC.com, September 12, 2019. That is a radical proposal—no other country in the OECD taxes long-term gains in that manner. See Michelle Harding and Melanie Marten, “Statutory Tax Rates on Dividends, Interest and Capital Gains,” Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, February 2018, p. 18.
36 U.S. Census Bureau, “2017 SUSB Annual Data Tables by Establishment Industry,” www.census.gov/data/tables/2017/econ/susb/2017-susb-annual.html.
37 Congressional Budget Office, “Federal Policies in Response to Declining Entrepreneurship,” December 29, 2020.
38 These issues are discussed in Chris Edwards, “Entrepreneurs and Regulations: Removing State and Local Barriers to New Businesses,” Cato Institute, May 5, 2021.
39 Gutiérrez and Philippon, “The Failure of Free Entry,” National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper no. 26001, June 2019.
40 Gutiérrez and Philippon, “The Failure of Free Entry,” National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper no. 26001, June 2019.
41 This is a complex story but a federal antitrust suit and consent decree ultimately achieved what FCC rulemaking could have achieved in terms of opening access for long-distance competitors. See Robert W. Crandall and Clifford Winston, “Does Antitrust Policy Improve Consumer Welfare? Assessing the Evidence,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 17, no. 4 (Fall 2003).
42 Leslie Josephs, “Breeze Airways debuts in travel rebound, the second new U.S. airline in a month,” CNBC.com, May 21, 2021.
43 Brian Gormley, “Telemedicine Startups Seek to Build on 2020 Momentum,” Wall Street Journal, January 4, 2021.
44 Robert W. Crandall and Clifford Winston, “Does Antitrust Policy Improve Consumer Welfare? Assessing the Evidence,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 17, no. 4 (Fall 2003). And see Robert Atkinson, “Antitrust Can Hurt U.S. Competitiveness,” Wall Street Journal, July 5, 2021.