Stethoscope on stack of books.
A lecture using x-rays at a medical facility, USA, circa 1950.

1948

The World Medical Association drafts a version of the Hippocratic oath called the Declaration of Geneva.

The W.M.A. publishes updated versions in 1968, 1983, 1994, 2005, and 2006.


1964

Dr. Louis Lasagna, the Academic Dean of Tufts University School of Medicine, drafts a modern version of the Hippocratic oath many United States medical schools use for the next four decades.


Students of the University of Minnesota Medical School reciting an oath at the annual white coat ceremony.

1993

Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons becomes the first medical school to hold a “white coat ceremony” for students beginning their medical education.

Students, donning the physician’s white coat for the first time, take the oath during this welcoming ceremony instead of at graduation.

Many other medical schools later adopt this ritual.

2015

A survey of 111 medical schools in the United States and Canada finds that 80 had students recite oaths at graduation and 72 had white coat oaths.

The 2015 survey finds that more than half of the schools no longer hewed to the Lasagna or Geneva versions of the oath that were popular since the end of World War II.

Today

Many medical schools draft their unique versions of the oath, which faculty committees sometimes write. Frequently student class representatives compose the oaths.

For example, the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine created its version of the oath in 1883 and, in 2020, updated it for the first time.


Miniature Hippocratic oath and blood pressure cuff sitting on a desk.

They still retain a few elements of the more traditional oaths, notably pledges to respect patient privacy, avoid harm, and defend the profession’s uprightness.

Yet no oath, including the oath of Hippocrates, makes more than a passing mention of
respecting patients’ rights
as sovereign autonomous adults.

The following is the 5th century B.C.
Oath of Hippocrates of Kos,
translated from ancient Greek:

Sound Off

The Original Hippocratic Oath

[UNMUTE FOR NARRATION BY CALEB O. BROWN]

I swear by Apollo the physician, by Aesculapius, Hygeia, and Panacea, and I take to witness all the gods, all the goddesses, to keep according to my ability and judgment the following oath:

To consider dear to me as my parents him who taught me this art; to live in common with him and if necessary to share my goods with him; to look upon his children as my own brothers, to teach them this art if they so desire without fee or written promise; to impart to my sons and the sons of the master who taught me and to the disciples who have enrolled themselves and have agreed to the rules of the profession, but to these alone, the precepts and the instruction.

I will prescribe regimen for the good of my patients according to my ability and my judgment and never do harm to anyone. To please no one will I prescribe a deadly drug, nor give advice which may cause his death. Nor will I give a woman a pessary to procure abortion. But I will preserve the purity of my life and my art.

I will not cut for stone, even for patients in whom the disease is manifest; I will leave this operation to be performed by specialists in this art. In every house where I come I will enter only for the good of my patients, keeping myself far from all intentional ill-doing and all seduction, and especially from the pleasures of love with women or with men, be they free or slaves.

All that may come to my knowledge in the exercise of my profession or outside of my profession or in daily commerce with men, which ought not to be spread abroad, I will keep secret and never reveal. If I keep this oath faithfully, may I enjoy my life and practice my art, respected by all men and in all times; but if I swerve from it or violate it, may the reverse be my lot.

Medical school administrators willing to depart from tradition and accept new proposals should consider the following oath that prioritizes the autonomy and rights of individual patients.

A new oath
for the medical profession:

Sound Off

[UNMUTE FOR NARRATION BY SALLIE JAMES]

As a member of this class, I swear to fulfill, to the best of my ability, this covenant:

I will respect the crucial scientific advances in medicine but will always question the assumptions my profession has inherited and judge them in the light of the latest evidence. I will gladly share any knowledge I have gleaned from years of research, study, and clinical experience with health professionals in all disciplines. I will respect my patients’ autonomy, thoroughly explain all the diagnostic possibilities and therapeutic options as I understand them, offer them my best opinion and advice from among those options, and accept their decisions.

I will never examine a patient or perform a diagnostic test or procedure without informed consent. I will not be afraid to say ‘I don’t know,’ and I will not hesitate to ask my colleagues for assistance or advice when I need it to care for my patient.

Even if they act against my advice and I disapprove of their choices, I will respect the right of my patients as autonomous adults to self‐​medicate and oppose any laws and regulations that force them to seek my permission—or permission from any other health professional, through a prescription or otherwise—to consume medications or treatments according to their independent judgment. I will respect the privacy of my patients, for when they disclose their problems to me, they expect and deserve confidentiality.

Respecting individual autonomy, I will oppose laws that punish people for choosing to consume substances or engage in activities that might potentially harm them but do not infringe on the rights of others. If patients engage in lifestyle choices or use substances against my advice that I disapprove of and deem harmful, I will offer them advice, medication, equipment, and techniques to reduce the harm that may come from their choices. I will not morally judge patients with substance use disorder, addiction, or other behavioral health problems, but I will treat them with dignity and compassion.

I will oppose all efforts, and existing laws and regulations, including professional licensing and ‘scope of practice’ laws, that limit patients’ freedom to choose a health plan or health care arrangement or prevent patients from seeking advice or care from non-physician health professionals, regardless of the type of health care service such professionals offer and irrespective of their level of expertise and training.

I will remember that there is an art to medicine as well as science and that warmth, sympathy, and understanding are crucial to the healing process. I will remember that treating pain is crucial to my professional mission to ease human suffering. I will use my best judgment and follow my conscience to prescribe adequate treatments for my patients who are in pain, despite the prejudices of public policymakers and law enforcement who might try to interfere.

I will remember that I do not treat a medical chart, a set of vital signs, or a cancerous growth, but a sick person whose illness may affect the person’s family and economic stability. My responsibility includes helping my patient to weigh the tradeoffs, making a personal risk/​benefit analysis when deciding on a therapeutic course of action, and respecting my patient’s ultimate decision. I will strive to prevent disease, for prevention is preferable to cure.

I hope my patients and colleagues will remember me with respect and affection if I stay true to this oath.

Blurred rod of Caduceus, transparent.

Medical school administrators should ask students to recite an oath that correctly reveres

patients’ rights and autonomy.