In this article, I will share some of my thoughts on CBDC — what it is, the rationale behind the endeavor, and how it might be implemented in broad terms. I’ll also address some of the concerns expressed by skeptics — in particular, the possible impact on banks and the implications for financial stability. I discuss these issues primarily in the context of the United States.
Before I begin, let me provide a sketch of the way money and payments work in the United States today. As is well known, the largest component of the money supply by far is created and managed by U.S. depository institutions. All of this money is already in digital form; that is, as checkable deposits. But if this is the case, then what is all the fuss about digital currency in general and CBDC in particular?
As it turns out, CBDC already exists in the United States in the form of Federal Reserve accounts. These accounts are fully insured and (since 2008) bear interest. Payments across these accounts occur through Fedwire, a real-time gross settlement system operated by the Federal Reserve. This service is only available to U.S. depository institutions, the U.S. Treasury, and a select number of foreign agencies. The services often cost less than a dollar per transaction, which, for an average transaction size of about $4M, is practically free.1 For individuals and nonbank businesses, small-value electronic payments are typically cleared through the ACH net settlement payment system. The interchange fees faced by merchants are typically in the range of 3–5 percent and can take up to three business days to settle.
This is normally the place where one provides a laundry list of the problems associated with making payments in the United States. Instead of doing this, I want to acknowledge the tremendous advancements that have been made in the past few decades. Whatever problems and inconveniences people experience today, believe me, were much worse a generation ago. It seems likely, to me, that technological developments and competition will continue to improve the payment experience for most Americans going forward. Nevertheless, I think some version of a retail-level CBDC remains desirable, even if it is not essential.